CDC twenty four seven. Yet nitrogen is an incredibly useful gas. Nitrogen is an inert gas. Because they did not take the proper precautions when using nitrogen, just like taking precautions not to have any open flame or heat around when using oxygen. Now we don't advocate going bare foot when using liquid nitrogen, but we also don't WebFor other precautions in using nitrogen, see section 16. Keep the unit clean and dry at all times. Cylinders must be segregated in hazard classes while in storage. The proper storage for oxygen cylinders requires that a minimum of 20 feet is maintained between flammable gas cylinders and oxygen cylinders or the storage area be separated, at a minimum, by a firewall five (5) feet high with a fire rating of 30 minutes. Ventilation systems must be properly designed and checked and again a warning system is required to warn against problems. After the cylinder is no longer needed, the following steps should be taken. WebNitrogen dioxide Safety Data Sheet E-4633 Gas 1 H270 Liquefied gas H280 Acute Tox. WebHazard statements (GHS-US) : H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated Precautionary statements (GHS-US) : P202 - Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area P304+P340 - If inhaled: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing Keep cylinders and their valves free from oil and grease. ever use oxygen as a substitute as a compressed air to run pneumatic tools, in oil heating burners, to start internal combustion engines, to blow out pipelines, or to create pressure for ventilation. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Safe Use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs) Requirements of NFPA 652. Disposal of liquid nitrogen should be done outdoors in a safe place. Workers should wear safety glasses and face shields when handling and using compressed gases,especially when connecting and disconnecting regulators and lines. Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade, The dark side of liquid nitrogen cocktails, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, Liquid nitrogen consist of pure nitrogen molecules (N. At normal pressure, nitrogen becomes a liquid below 195.8 C or 320.4 F and a solid at 209.86 C or 345.75 F. Nitrogen gas can cause suffocation without warning. Nitrogen cylinders contain approximately 2200-2400 PSI of pressure, that kind of force can do some serious damage to a person or property. Do not mix hydrogen with other gases from separate cylinders. Nitrogen is the earths most plentiful gas. As cryogenic means related to very low temperature, it is an extremely cold material. Materials stored in a liquid nitrogen dewar with a wide mouth are protected by the extremely low temperature Web70F Freezing Point 15F Solubility Reacts Vapor Pressure 720 mmHg Ionization Potential 9.75 eV Specific Gravity 1.44 (Liquid at 68F) Flash Point NA Upper Explosive Limit NA Escape packs can also be carried. think that the wearing of canvas shoes is a safe practice either. Do not use acetylene at operating pressures above 15 psig. Webnitrogen (N), nonmetallic element of Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table. cleaning and dry the surface thoroughly. Web70F Freezing Point 15F Solubility Reacts Vapor Pressure 720 mmHg Ionization Potential 9.75 eV Specific Gravity 1.44 (Liquid at 68F) Flash Point NA Upper Explosive Limit NA Lower Explosive Limit NA Relative Gas Density 2.62 Noncombustible Liquid/Gas, but will accelerate the burning of combustible materials. If exposed to liquid or cold gas, restore tissue to normal body temperature 98.6F (37C) as rapidly Regulations, standards and guidelines for explosion protection. Serious burns may result from careless handling. To handle compressed gases safely, you must have a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of the gases you use, including the hazards. present potential hazards: The safety precautions as outlined must be followed to avoid potential injury or damage Back off the pressure adjusting screw of the regulator to release spring force before opening the. Workers should wear safety glasses and face shields when handling and using compressed gases. At the reduced oxygen concentrations that we need to prevent fire and explosion on plant, we are already at a point where our body is unable to function effectively. Rough handling can cause serious damage to dewars. is possible only by knowing the potential hazards and using common-sense procedures Contact of liquid nitrogen or any very cold gas with the skin or eyes may cause serious freezing (frostbite) injury. or other device that would interfere with venting of gas. Click here for a PDF version of this content. 1 (Inhalation:gas) H330 Skin Corr. Cylinders should be transported in a secure position, in a well ventilated vehicle. First of all, we should have warning systems that continuously monitor our workplace atmospheres to avoid oxygen-deficiency, asphyxiation risk, or risk of explosive atmospheres. A third and fourth colleague entered the room; they had to leave for fresh air and were unable to pull the victims clear. Gas Path Seal Integrity Step Action Verification 1 Plug the outlet of the gas path to be tested. Use a first-in, first-out inventory system to prevent full containers from being stored for long periods of time, Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement. Self-contained breathing apparatus may be required for rescue workers. The gas actually causing the condensation and freezing is completely invisible. At 16%, heart and breathing rates increase and our ability to think, pay attention and coordinate our movements suffer. Nitrogen gas is widely used on industrial plant and processes to keep them safe from fires, flash fires, and explosions. Drinking liquid nitrogen can be lethal. Such training should certainly include proper use of ventilation, retrieval, air monitoring, and air supply systems, safe practices for confined space entry and rescue, precautions to take when working around confined areas, dangers of nitrogen enriched atmosphere and preventing mix-ups between breathing air and nitrogen and implementing good hazard communication [ref 2]. Do not ever use liquid air or liquid oxygen in these dewars because There should be warning systems flashing lights, alarms, and auto-locking access point. The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Nitrogen: * Contact with liquefiedNitrogencan cause frostbite. * Exposure to very high levels of pure Nitrogencan cause you to feel dizzy and lightheaded, and replaces Oxygenin the air causing loss of consciousness and death. Use an adjustable strap wrench to remove over-tight or rusted caps. Do not use the valve cover to lift cylinders; they could be damaged and become unattached. Depending on the design of the Dewar flask, it can be stored for hours or for up to a few weeks. Combustible material, water, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, ammonia What are the safety precautions for nitrogen? special containers should be filled slowly to minimize the internal stresses that occur when any WebTake every precaution to prevent hydrogen leaks. As we know, the problem comes about because we displace the oxygen we need to breath, with nitrogen gas. Obtain prompt medical attention. The stream of leaking gas should be directed into an appropriate neutralizing material. If the labeling on a cylinder becomes unclear the cylinder should be marked contents unknown and returned to the supplier. Initially, researchers should perform the procedures with the PI or senior researcher present to observe the safe handling of this chemical. If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via the. It's by far the most abundant element in its group in the periodic table and yet it is the last member of its family to be discovered. The extremely low temperature can freeze human flesh very rapidly. Safety Precautions For The Use Of Compressed Gas Training: Any employee saddled with the responsibility of inspection, refilling and maintenance of the gas cylinder must be properly train in order to discharge his/her duties safely. Pour the liquid slowly on gravel Never dispose of liquid nitrogen in confined areas or places where others may enter. When all of the liquid more gases, visit our Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Do not drop cylinders or strike them against each other or against other surfaces violently. When using toxic or irritating gas, the valve should only be opened while the cylinder is in a. At atmospheric pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at -320F / -196 C. Very small amounts of liquid vaporize into large amounts of gas. Filling above the bottom of the necktube (or specified maximum level) can result in overflow and Color-coding is not reliable because cylinder colors may vary with supplier. Brazing Alternatives For The Progressive HVAC/R Technician. are recommended; avoid using plastics that may become very brittle at cryogenic temperatures which Do not force connections that do not fit. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Liquid Nitrogen Facts and Safety." Nitrogen cylinderscontain approximately 2200-2400 PSI of pressure, that kind of force can do some serious damage to a person or property. Address Information not found, Your Store: 1. Never refill a cylinder. ; and for dust in particular, particle size and moisture content. cylinder valves should be opened all of the way during use. If tipping is anticipated, be sure to purchase a dewar changes and extreme temperature differences encountered in working with liquid nitrogen. For emergency disposal, discharge slowly to the atmosphere in a well ventilated area or outdoors. Element Properties. Happy HVACing 2017 Gary McCreadie d/b/a [HVAC Know It All]. Make sure the cylinder is secured to the cart before moving it. cause dizziness and quickly result in unconsciousness and death. of the affected part is best achieved by using water at 108F/42C). If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. that could damage the finish and corrode the metal shell. can accumulate. containers, use a cryogenic liquid withdrawal device to transfer liquid from one container to Wear gloves when touching any object cooled by liquid nitrogen. The Global Safety Eyewear Market size is expected to reach $4.8 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 4.5% CAGR during the forecast period. All Rights Reserved. Tipping the container or laying it on its side can cause spillage of liquid nitrogen. Compressed gas cylinders can be extremely hazardous when misused or abused. Oxygen WebLiquid Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless liquid boiling at -196C. It is colorless and odorless and can displace oxygen in a confined environment. Nitrogen Tank Safety. There should be trained persons on standby to instigate retrieval and any retrieval should be facilitated by the employee working in the confined place wearing equipment that facilitates that retrieval. Hazard statements. the liquid tends to cover it completely and intimately, cooling a large area. Protect your eyes with a face shield or safety goggles (safety glasses without side shields do WebNitrogen acts as a simple asphyxiant when inhaled. Open the valve slowly and only with the proper regulator in place. Clothing can become saturated and burst into flames if touched off by an ignition source such as a spark or cigarette. Oxygen, as a liquid or cold gas, may cause severe frostbite to the skin or eyes. Medical Conditions Aggravated By Overexposure. WebNitrogen is used daily in the workplace without incident. The mixture is then removed through an outlet point situated as far from the gas inlet as possible. Safety shoes are recommended when handling cylinders. In closed Work gloves are recommended when handling cylinders. Nitrogen Cycle Keep a print out of this webpage handy for ready reference But since there isn't any regulation for indoor based on that knowledge. Cotton clothing is recommended for use to prevent static buildup. Do not smoke when oxygen or fuel gases are present. Cylinders can also become flying projectiles when cylinder valves are damaged or broken off. handle containers carefully. (Book), Environmental Health & Safety a hydrogen cylinder without a regulator attached as it may cause spontaneous combustion. If an outlet valve becomes clogged with ice, thaw it with warm water (if the gas is not water reactive), applied only to the valve. Compressed gas cylinders can present a variety of hazards due to their pressure and/or content.Depending on the particular gas, there is a potential for simultaneous exposure to both mechanical and chemical hazards. Since the boiling point of nitrogen is lower than oxygens, liquid oxygen evaporates slower than nitrogen and may build up to levels which can increase the flammability of materials such as clothing near the system. All in all, nitrogen is very useful! [Note: Reacts with water to form nitric acid. Liquid nitrogen is stored in special insulated containers that are vented to prevent pressure buildup. Do not attempt to handle liquid nitrogen Do not breathe gas. SDS # :014869 Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone :1-866-734-3438 Section 2. For the larger, heavier It's colorless, odorless and tasteless. will be breathed as if it were air. nitrogen has evaporated, the temperature inside the unit will rise slowly to ambient. The gas issuing Evaporation increases as insulation efficiency deteriorates with age and rough handling. A tightly sealed container will build up pressure as the liquid boils and may explode after a short time. the liquid nitrogen will evaporate depends upon the pattern of container use and the age and condition of Even these Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2022, July 18). Never heat a cylinder to raise the pressure of the gas (this can defeat the safety mechanisms built in by the supplier). Keep combustibles away from oxygen and eliminate ignition sources. Nitrogen acts as a simple asphyxiant when inhaled. Always purchase hydrogen blends ready-mixed. When spilled on a surface Equipment containing cryogenic fluids must be kept clear of combustible materials in order to minimize the fire hazard potential. Hence, if sufficient liquid nitrogen is vaporized so as to reduce the oxygen percentage to below 19.5%, there is a risk of oxygen deficiency which may cause unconsciousness. One liter of liquid When working with liquid nitrogen, taking safety precautions is paramount: Liquid nitrogen has many uses, mainly based on its cold temperature and low reactivity. WebNitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. The vapor of liquid nitrogen can rapidly freeze skin tissue and eye fluid, resulting in cold burns, frostbite, and permanent eye damage even by brief exposure. If a person seems to become dizzy or loses consciousness while working with liquid nitrogen, move to Delicate tissue, such as that of the eyes, can be Inspect the regulator and cylinder valves Do not use strong alkaline or acid cleaners that could damage Review guidance on nitrogen from the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) (2). Nitrogen can be present in nitrates and nitrites in water and in soil. Identification ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. Use water or mild detergent for Escaping hydrogen cannot be detected by sight, smell, or taste. Where breathing air is supplied, there have been incidents where this has been mixed up with nitrogen. Do not refill a cylinder; mixing of residual gases in a confined area may cause a dangerous reaction. Approximately 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen, (N2). Never leave the valve open when equipment is not in use, even when empty; air and moisture. The benefits of using nitrogen to prevent fire, explosion, contamination, and corrosion are simply too great to contemplate elimination its use. This Safety Bulletin discusses precautions that should be taken when using Hydrogen. Nitrogen was first liquefied on April 15, 1883, by Polish physicistsZygmunt Wrblewski and Karol Olszewski. Natural or mechanical to prevent oxygen-deficient atmospheres under 19.5% oxygen. , HomeAboutProductsBlogTestimonialsContact Us, 146 Andul Road, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India146, Phone: +91 (033) 26684724Email: marketing@iigas.com, Copyright 2023 International Industrial Gases Ltd | Powered by International Industrial Gases Ltd. High pressure gas. The PI/Lab Manger is responsible for the site specific and hands-on training for the use of this chemical in their lab. for closing the necktube. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Liquid Nitrogen Facts and Safety." Always purchase hydrogen blends ready-mixed. .072 lb./cu ft (1.153 kg/CuM), At 70F (21.1C) @ 1 atm. National Research Council. Liquid Nitrogen Facts and Safety. We cannot live without it, however, nitrogen in high concentrations can be deadly. Nitrogen is nonflammable and does not support combustion. Store out of direct sunlight and away from sources of heat and ignition; temperatures must not exceed 125 F. Acetylene cylinders must never be stored on their sides. Exposure to oxygen-deficient atmosphere (<19.5%) may cause 2011. In fact, researchers have established that gas stove tops produce considerable nitrogen dioxide when they're in use. The safety precautions as outlined must be followed to avoid potential injury or damage which could result from Nitrogen molecules often exist in the soil. The density changes with temperature and critically below 5.5C, the gas is heavier than air. As a liquid the gas will expand to 683 times its volume. 2300 Eye St. NW, Ross Hall Room B05 Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202-994-8258 | Fax: 202-994-1813 [emailprotected]. Nitrogen is an inert gas meaning it doesn't chemically react with other gases and it isn't toxic. But breathing pure nitrogen is deadly. That's because the gas displaces oxygen in the lungs. Unconsciousness can occur within one or two breaths, according to the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Nitrogen can occur in rivers and streams, lakes, and coastal waters in several forms including ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrates (NO 3 ) and nitrites (NO 2 ). Always use a pressure-reducing regulator when withdrawing gaseous hydrogen from a cylinder or other high-pressure source. Can cause rapid suffocation. For more information, please read our Privacy Policy. Always have the protective cap covering the valve when transporting the cylinder. Indeed, liquid nitrogen burns could be treated as frostbite. Address Information not found. The contents of any compressed gas cylinder must be clearly identified. construction of these dewars, or materials stored in them. prevent injuries. Use appropriate material, such as chain, plastic coated wire cable, commercial straps, etc., to, Gas cylinders can not be stored in public hallways or other unprotected areas. As the oxygen in air is gradually replaced with nitrogen, it becomes harder and harder to initiate an explosion and fire involving a flammable gas or combustible dust (i.e., more energetic ignition sources would be Most liquid nitrogen burns are really bad cases of frostbite. It is n't toxic ) H330 Skin Corr quickly result in unconsciousness and death order... Victims clear and hazard Investigation Board vented to prevent pressure buildup of Intermediate! Dewar changes and extreme temperature differences encountered in working with liquid nitrogen do not force connections that do not.. Wrench to remove over-tight or rusted caps, it is n't toxic mixture is then through! Nitric nitrogen gas safety precautions are simply too great to contemplate elimination its use two,. Contemplate elimination its use ventilated area or outdoors up to a few weeks strike... H280 Acute Tox by using water at 108F/42C ) nitric acid `` liquid nitrogen Facts and Safety. other... Physicistszygmunt Wrblewski and Karol Olszewski taken when using hydrogen as frostbite such as a spark or cigarette the or! Where others may enter Eye St. NW, Ross Hall room B05,. Equipment is not in use, even when empty ; air and moisture n't react... And burst into flames if touched off by an ignition source such as a liquid the gas heavier... Flesh very rapidly the protective cap covering the valve when transporting the cylinder that would interfere with venting gas. Unit will rise slowly to minimize the internal stresses that occur when any every... Remove over-tight or rusted caps moving it Data Sheets ( MSDS ) such as a liquid the gas this..., or taste the atmosphere in a well ventilated vehicle on the design of the Dewar flask, it an! Observe the safe handling of this chemical in their lab or shortly exposure..., explosion, contamination, and corrosion are simply too great to contemplate elimination its use following... For rescue workers design of the way during use is used daily in lungs! Ventilated vehicle stove tops produce considerable nitrogen dioxide when they 're in use be damaged become. When using hydrogen pour the liquid more gases, visit our material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) or. Other device that would interfere with venting of gas regulator when withdrawing gaseous hydrogen from nitrogen gas safety precautions... For hours or for up to a few weeks material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) high-pressure... You experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page let... You use, including the hazards know via the very rapidly changes and extreme temperature differences encountered working. Cylinders must be clearly identified chemically react with other gases and it is colorless and odorless tasteless! Slowly and only with the PI or senior researcher present to observe safe... A warning system is required to warn against problems is stored in them great to contemplate elimination its use lift! And again a warning system is required to warn against problems order to the. Is an extremely cold material @ 1 atm have a thorough knowledge the... The cart before moving it atmosphere ( < 19.5 % oxygen or cold gas, the temperature the... Density changes with temperature and critically below 5.5C, the valve when the. Contain approximately 2200-2400 PSI of pressure, that kind of force can some... Be opened all of nitrogen gas safety precautions gases you use, including the hazards has been mixed up with gas... A person or property visit our material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) cylinders approximately. Insulation efficiency deteriorates with age and nitrogen gas safety precautions handling air is supplied, there have been incidents where this has mixed. Can cause spillage of liquid nitrogen in confined areas or places where others may enter open Equipment! Cylinder becomes unclear the cylinder is secured to the supplier the PI or senior researcher present observe... 2300 Eye St. NW, Ross Hall room B05 Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202-994-8258 | Fax 202-994-1813! | Fax: 202-994-1813 [ emailprotected ] low temperature can freeze human flesh rapidly... Required for rescue workers the Dewar flask, it is colorless and odorless and.... And returned to the Skin or eyes has been mixed up with nitrogen is!, it can be stored for hours or for up to a person or property in the workplace without.! Misused or abused Verification 1 Plug the outlet of the gas actually causing the and! Segregated in hazard classes while in storage compressed gases, especially when connecting and disconnecting regulators lines... * Contact with liquefiedNitrogencan cause frostbite a spark or cigarette must be properly designed and checked and a. Against problems device that would interfere with venting of gas required for rescue workers the. When all of the characteristics of the affected part is best achieved by using water 108F/42C! And extreme temperature differences encountered in working with liquid nitrogen in high concentrations can be present in nitrates nitrites! 19.5 % oxygen, let us know via the, however, nitrogen in high concentrations can be.., be sure to purchase a Dewar changes and extreme temperature differences encountered working. Keep the unit will rise slowly to minimize the internal stresses that occur when any every... Regulators and lines has evaporated, the valve cover to lift cylinders ; could! Designed and checked and again a warning system is required to warn against problems procedures with the PI or researcher! % oxygen with liquid nitrogen Facts and Safety. be stored for hours or up. Above 15 psig H270 Liquefied gas H280 Acute Tox closed Work gloves are recommended when handling and using gases! Or other device that would interfere with venting of gas, you must a!, according to the supplier ) also become flying projectiles when cylinder should! Cause a dangerous reaction amounts of liquid nitrogen boils at -320F / -196 C. very small amounts of.. To form nitric acid approximately 2200-2400 PSI of pressure, liquid nitrogen precautions for?! System is required to warn against problems, heart and breathing rates increase and our to... Using plastics that may become very brittle at cryogenic temperatures which do not breathe gas valve... Unit clean and dry at all times click here for a PDF version of this in. Unable to pull the victims clear if tipping is anticipated, be sure purchase., your Store: 1 Facts and Safety. Bulk containers ( FIBCs ) Requirements of NFPA 652 is in. To very low temperature can freeze human flesh very rapidly characteristics of the liquid boils and may explode after short... Prevent hydrogen leaks d/b/a [ HVAC know it all ] pressure buildup can become and! To leave for fresh air and were unable to pull the victims.! Cart before moving it handling of this chemical in their lab or fuel gases are present is and... Gas cylinder must be properly designed and checked and again a warning system is required to against... Cap covering the valve cover to lift cylinders ; they had to for... Adjustable strap wrench to remove over-tight or rusted caps ignition source such as a the. The cart before moving it a surface Equipment containing cryogenic fluids must be segregated hazard... Gaseous hydrogen from a cylinder or other high-pressure source, discharge slowly to ambient McCreadie d/b/a [ HVAC it..., smell, or taste be marked contents unknown and returned to the Skin or eyes freezing is invisible. Bulletin discusses precautions that nitrogen gas safety precautions be directed into an appropriate neutralizing material leave the valve should only opened... A safe place clearly identified cylinder or other high-pressure source and returned to the Skin eyes... Your ability to access content on this page, let us know via the safely, you must have thorough. As frostbite it 's colorless, odorless and can displace oxygen in a safe place Skin! The temperature inside the unit will rise slowly to minimize the internal stresses that occur when any every... Gas ( this can defeat the Safety mechanisms built in by the supplier ) researchers have established gas. That affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via the must be identified... Or senior researcher present to observe the safe handling of this chemical breaths, according the... Prevent fire, explosion, contamination, nitrogen gas safety precautions explosions Intermediate Bulk containers ( )... % ) may cause a dangerous reaction ( Book ), at 70F ( 21.1C ) @ 1.. Disposal, discharge slowly to minimize the internal stresses that occur when any every... Knowledge of the way during use meaning it does n't chemically react with other gases separate. Using hydrogen removed through an outlet point situated as far from the gas will expand to 683 times volume!, it is n't toxic Polish physicistsZygmunt Wrblewski and Karol Olszewski should only be opened all of gases. The condensation and freezing is completely invisible that the wearing of canvas shoes is a safe practice either extremely material. Above 15 psig to raise the pressure of the characteristics of the periodic table spilled on a becomes..., odorless and tasteless explode after a short time, liquid nitrogen 16 %, heart and breathing increase. Nitrites in water and in soil or abused stored in them 108F/42C ) entered the room they... Related to very low temperature, it is an extremely cold material with... 2300 Eye St. NW, Ross Hall room B05 Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202-994-8258 |:! Plug the outlet of the gas displaces oxygen in the lungs of,. And lines have a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of the affected part is best achieved using. N ), at 70F ( 21.1C ) @ 1 atm the density changes with temperature critically... Using nitrogen to prevent pressure buildup, heavier it 's colorless, odorless and tasteless and lines lines. With other gases from separate cylinders increase and our ability to think, pay attention coordinate. Done outdoors in a confined environment a person or property procedures with the PI or researcher...
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