One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. CHAPTER 2. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. and instead cite the study itself. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. The extent and nature of these new responsibilities are set forth in detail in the reports of the committees whose recommendations in this regard are fully endorsed. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. "Audra Wolfe, Never Just Science, "I just read the new Princeton University Press edition of Vannevar Bushs Science, The Endless Frontier, with an interesting introductory essay by Rush Holt. Advances in science when put to practical use mean more jobs, higher wages, shorter hours, more abundant crops, more leisure for recreation, for study, for learning how to live without the deadening drudgery which has been the burden of the common man for ages past. Save Cancel CONTENTS Preface 1: Introduction 2: Pathways to Leadership Then and Now 3: Responding to an Evolving Research Enterprise 4: Science and the Public 5: Science and Philanthropy It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. Further progress requires that the entire front of medicine and the underlying sciences of chemistry, physics, anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, bacteriology, pathology, parasitology, etc., be broadly developed. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. Publication: Science. Recommendation of appropriate arrangements between the Foundation and the organizations selected to carry on the program. Callon, M. 1986. Science: The Endless Frontier | U.S. Government Bookstore Skip to main content Browse All Topics 50% OFF GPOverstock SALE Business & Economics GPOverstock Sale Congress GPOverstock Sale Consumer GPOverstock Sale Education & Libraries GPOverstock Sale Emergency Response GPOverstock Sale Environment & Nature GPOverstock Sale Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. There is, however, a very real need for some measure of coordination of the common scientific activities of these agencies, both as to policies and budgets, and at present no such means exist. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. There must be more -- and more adequate -- military research during peacetime. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science. "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. Science, the endless frontier First published in 1960 Subjects Science and state , Influence , World War, 1939-1945 , Research Places United States Edit Science, the endless frontier This edition was published in New York. In this book he calls for science for citizens, not just science for scientists. Division of National Defense. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. Author. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. No one can select from the bottom those who will be the leaders at the top because unmeasured and unknown factors enter into scientific, or any, leadership. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. It is the primary responsibility of the Army and Navy to train the men, make available the weapons, and employ the strategy that will bring victory in combat. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 Thus, in addition to the general benefits to the nation by reason of the addition to its trained ranks of such a corps of scientific workers, there would be a definite benefit to the nation in having these scientific workers on call in national emergencies. "Ernest J. Moniz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former US Secretary of Energy. - 1. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. Science: The endless frontier. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei This report presents conclusions and recommendations based upon the studies of these committees which appear in full as the appendices. Compra Science, the endless frontier: A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of scientific research and development. * * * Science cannot live by and unto itself alone. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. Directions, Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description; Journals Find journal titles; UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more; Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more . The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. IV. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. Effects of Mobilization of Science for War. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. Download citation. To establish and maintain such offices within the United States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. Subject to the direction and supervision of the Foundation Members (acting as a board), the director should discharge all the fiscal, legal, and administrative functions of the Foundation. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). Penicillin reached our troops in time to save countless lives because the Government coordinated and supported the program of research and development on the drug. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. How to cite this article: . Cite this article . In making contracts with or grants to such organizations the Foundation should protect the public interest adequately and at the same time leave the cooperating organization with adequate freedom and incentive to conduct scientific research. It should be arranged that the Members first appointed serve terms of such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year. The Generation in Uniform Must Not Be Lost. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. July 1945 Creator United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development Contributor Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Language eng Work Publication Washington, National Science Foundation, 1960 Extent In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. Relation to National Security. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. Budget. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. organize and share citations. New impetus must be given to research in our country. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. "We think we probably would not, even if we were all-wise and all-knowing, write you a plan whereby you would be assured of scientific leadership at one stroke. Citation Type. Advances in science will also bring higher standards of living, will lead to the prevention or cure of diseases, will promote conservation of our limited national resources, and will assure means of defense against aggression. The National Research Foundation must, therefore, be free to place its research contracts or grants not only with those institutions which have a demonstrated research capacity but also with other institutions whose latent talent or creative atmosphere affords promise of research success. 2. Science only lives, and progresses, when the status quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted. Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. doi: 10.17226/25990. It provides scientific capital. With mounting demands for scientists both for teaching and for research, we will enter the post-war period with a serious deficit in our trained scientific personnel. "Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, "This excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at a pivotal moment for our nation. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. "Alondra Nelson, president of the Social Science Research Council, "Rush Holts essay on Science, the Endless Frontier celebrates science discovery and the democratization of science. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. But in the present state of knowledge a plan cannot be made which will select, and assist, only those young men and women who will give the top future leadership to science. Language English Pages 184 Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. Science - The Endless Frontier . Available as In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. Today, we see the devastating results of our failure to advocate effectively for public and political understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise. But in the seventy-five years that have passed since Bush served as president of the Carnegie Institution for Science and published this transformational proposal, too many of our leaders have failed to grasp the central role that science plays in assuring our national strength and well-being. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. 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