The small town itself was located in the foothills of the Little Hatchet Mountains in the Hachita Valley of New Mexico. A compound of hydrated Turquoise can have a These factors make Chinese turquoise less dominant on the current open market. Native Americans have been handcrafting jewelry since they first drew inspiration from their natural surroundings and transformed shell and stone into wearable jewelry. High-grade Chinese turquoise compares well with the best American stones, bringing deep colors and spiderweb matrix. } At first this mine was a small tunnel mine, however, production greatly increased in the 1970s when heavy machinery was added. Hachita turquoise is from a group of mines near Old Hachita, Grant County, New Mexico. a carved serpent that is decorated with turquoise tiles. Sleeping Beauty Turquoise VERY INTERESTING!! Its turquoise is noted for its solid, light blue color with no matrix. A wonderful New Mexico turquoise mine. The mine currently produces some very high grade material, but limited in quantities. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; If you want a custom design, our silversmiths will work with you to turn your dream into reality. G-NZPNXJY57K with northern civilizations in the 8th Century. Get the latest updates on new products and upcoming sales. Finally, turquoise from the Tyrone mine relates to the copper mine operations southwest of Silver City, New Mexico. if (typeof subscribeOnBodlEvents === 'function') { $199.84 (60% off) FREE shipping. These days most of the turquoise mined in Mexico Thanks again, Scott! Just received the native American rawhide stone tomahawk and it looks great. been mined since ancient times. Congratulations! A majority of the Mexican Turquoise on the market today comes from the Necozari and the Cannanea mines. Alltribes Indian Art is one of the last Native American operated, full-time jewelry shops, left outside of the Gallup, New Mexico area. Alltribes Native American Art and Jewelry blends ancient history, natural beauty, and unparalleled expertise flawlessly. The Campitos mine has been in production since the 1980s. It is medium brilliant blue in its high grade form. Campitos turquoise stands out from other If you stop into a tourist trap along a New Mexican freeway, it is likely to be full of pieces using this stabilized Chinese turquoise. Some less scrupulous producers will also inject the resin with dyes, to make the stones colors more vibrant. | History The green is influenced by the iron content in the stone, the blue by the copper content. try { Modern Chinese turquoise accounts for much of the current world turquoise supply. & Quality | Healing Beliefs Most importantly, Nevada variscite recovered in recent decades has come from mines located in. The turquoise is a very light blue/green, almost off-white. The turquoise deposits lie in a location known as Turquoise Mountain about 6 mile west of the town. The Tiffany Turquoise Mine is near Orogrande, New Mexico. Located ten miles south of Santa Fe, it was the site of the largest prehistoric mining activity on the continent because the huge turquoise deposit was partially exposed at the surface. The Tiffany Company in New York and its associates bought up the mine area and extracted $2,000,000 worth of turquoise between 1892 and 1899. The Pueblo peoples continued to extractturquoisefrom the Cerrillos mine until the 1870's when a silver mining boom raised interest in the area. The turquoise deposits were close to the surface and easy to mine and were also close to the major population centers. Here at Turquoise District we are working the Mountains of the Old Evan's District. Stennich Turquoise A collector's stone, this historic Nevada mine is in Crescent Valley, Nevada. production since the 1980s. Hachita is one of the harder New Mexico Turquoise Mines to get turquoise from. They include the Azure, Cameo, Galilee, and Aztec claims. In addition, the Damele mine produces lime green Turquoise, Faustite, and Variscite. gtag('js', new Date()); The areas that the Bad Boys are mining yield some greenish Turquoise, and some light to dark blue Turquoise with brown matrix. Damele Turquoise (Variscite) has intense spiderwebbing, Demele is usually a variscite, which people confuse with turquoise. FREE shipping. The distinctive green color gives great contrast with other stones used in jewelry such as red coral, orange spiny oyster and even other shades of turquoise. Due to the short amount of time it's allowed to be mined each year, the supply of Carico Lake Turquoise is extremely limited. | Contact, If you are interested in Turquoise, Nacozari is fast becoming highly collectible as it has become increasingly impossible to get. Some of the oldest discovered pieces date from over 10,000 years ago. The matrix colors are usually a deep brown and black, with partial spiderwebbing. When the Toltec Mexican turquoise pairs beautifully The Kingman turquoise mine produces a relatively wide range of colors and matrix patterns. Candelaria Turquoise Mine } https://turquoisemuseum.com/2019/11/18/top-25-turquoise-mines/. They did a nice job on my watch band repair. In fact, the Cerrillos New Mexico Turquoise mines produce seventy-five colors, from tan to khaki-green to rich, blue-green to bright and light colors. There are five other abandon claims in this area. Well provide interesting facts about turquoise mines and the types of turquoise stones they produced. The Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California are the main producers of turquoise stones currently, but these gemstones are also found in the states of Jalisco, Zacatecas and Chihuahua, so much closer to the Aztec and Maya regions than New Mexico. Chinese turquoise was often used to supplement or replace jade, which was valued higher by Chinese culture throughout history. The Cerrillos mining district lies north of the town of Los Cerrillos. In what is now known as the Southwestern United States, Puebloan tribes mined turquoise and considered it a crucial commodity that held immense spiritual value and was also the source of trade. All Rights Reserved. The area has been mining turquoise for almost 100 years, however the specific stones called Dry Creek mine has only been producing for a couple of decades. However, Sleeping Beauty turquoise is one of the softer stones on the market, and much of it must be stabilized before it can be used in jewelry. Campitos turquoise, you know youre getting turquoise, straight from the The Turquoise mines first set up in America were hand mined with primitive tools. with silver making it a popular choice for rings, necklace pendants.There This turquoise fingerprint is affected by many factors. Alltribes' reputation and longstanding experience ensure you get more than just jewelry you get a wealth of seasoned knowledge and exceptional service..that you can count on! }, The Easter Blue turquoise mine is a small claim located in southwestern Nevada. Production was mined in large quantities and sold through the family-owned station in New Mexico and Arizona. Sadly, this type of stone is cheap to produce and use in jewelry, so many foreign reproductions will use Chinese turquoise. Morenci Turquoise Cerrillos turquoise holds a special place in the history of Native American jewelry, and turquoise mining lore. This mine is no longer in production. Native American artists like to use Royston turquoise in their jewelry as it is high quality and mined locally. In fact, the CerrillosNew Mexico Turquoise minesproduce seventy-five colors, from tan to khaki-green to rich, blue-green to bright and light colors. The Royston Turquoise Mine is located in southwestern Nevada in the Royston District near the city of Tonapah. The United States is a primary source of quality natural turquoise. Theturquoiseobtained from this hard work traded among early peoples from Mexico to the Midwest and from the east to west coasts. This turquoise has been mined for centuries, starting with the ancient Pueblos in the 13th century. Mexico is a great choice. | Cabochons The beautiful Campitos turquoise produced There are several Turquoise claims in the Cripple Creek district such as the Elkhorn Claim, the Florence Turquoise Mine, the OHaver Claim, the Roanoke Shaft, and the Hidden Treasure Turquoise Mine. thin, delicate lines that resemble a spiders web. vibrancy, clarity, Campitos turquoise from Campitos Mountain in Sonora, On April 30, 1598, during Juan de Oate's expedition north from Mexico up the Rio Grande del Norte, he claimed all of that river's drainage for Spain. Prospectors began working deposits around 1880s and not only found the turquoise, but silver, copper, and gold as well. The claim area includes a number of other mines, including the Godber/Burnham mine. A trained eye can identify the origin of a stone by looking at the unique turquoise fingerprint. The mine is located in western Nevada, near the small town of Mina. As a result, it is very difficult to obtain now because the mine is depleted. Campitos Turquoise Mexico Mined in Mexico from the Pino Chueco and Cananea mines in Sonora, Campitos Turquoise was mined extensively in ancient times, with evidence of trade with Native American peoples. The Pilot Mountain turquoise mine has been producing beautiful stones since 1908. This famous old Turquoise mine produces mainly a light blue color Turquoise that sometimes has a light brown spiderweb matrix. The turquoise found at Morenci eventually became worth more than the copper. With a turquoise such as the While there are other mines in Nevada of the same name, the Battle Mountain Blue Gem mine and the Tonapah Blue Gem Mine, which begin production in 1934 and is no longer producing, yields the most valuable Blue Gem turquoise. if ( notice ) page, Created by Durango Later chemical tests confirmed that Dry Creek is truly turquoise, and in fact a very high grade stone. The United States is a primary source of quality natural turquoise. Most importantly, the variety of variscite known as Broken Arrow comes from the only documented mine which produces both Turquoise and Variscite out of the same site. The stone was carefully carved and inlaid in burial masks and other ceremonial jewelry. The Blue Diamond Turquoise Mine is located in central Nevada. This American Turquoise has been mined for hundreds of years on a small scale and production has grown over the last few decade with the decrease in American mined Turquoise production. The higher grade Cheyenne stones range into the blue spectrum and feature intense spiderweb matrix. These differences in Miners then use powered hammers to remove turquoise-bearing stone from the Nevada earth. Throughout history, cultures have put a high value on turquoise stones. Example Pictures are not necessarily the highest of grade, rather a good example of a common look from a particular mine. The Carico Lake Turquoise mine is most famous for its Lime Green Faustite. The mine is now under thousands of tons of rock. Equipment operators would lunch box blue high-quality turquoise away from the mine and sell to collectors. Luckily, many of the workers for the company would seize the turquoise at their own risk by picking it up themselves; sometimes even hauling the stones home in lunchboxes. color. trustBoxScript.async = true; Candelaria Turquoise veins in grey host rock. Nacozari turquoise can be found in bright sky blue and deep navy blue colors. The mines large size allows for the different turquoise color composition. Posted by Definitely having us as customers for life! Nevada is the state with the highest output of turquoise, with a record of over 100 mines that have produced turquoise in the last century. Ten miles south of Santa Fe, it is the site of the largest prehistoric mining activity on the continent because the huge turquoise deposit is viewable at the surface. unearthed. In recent times the mine has returned to a small, one family operation. The turquoise from the New Mexico Turquoise mine is top grade and some looks close to the best old Morenci that was on the market. Not many other mines can mimic the look of Royston, however, sometimes Chinese turquoise stones can have a similar color. The Morenci mine was initially mined for its copper deposits. The rarest Candelaria stones have bits of gold held within the matrix. Easter Blue Turquoise A Canadian gold mining company has acquired the mine and does not want any production of Turquoise to come from the mine. China is a vast country, and the many turquoise mines within it produce colors across the entire range from light blue to dark green. The group has a collections of mines from Mexico that they are partnered with and supply them Turquoise to treat and distribute. The design and quality of our Silver and Turquoise jewelry are unmatched and stand far above the rest. In addition, i. t is part of the Kingman mining operations and one of the two main turquoise deposits along with Turquoise Mountain. Many of the turquoise tunnels found were so ancient and carefully refilled by the Indians that they were only found by later mining. turquoise tends to have a clear light to medium blue color, deeply The deeper and darker color variations are highly desired and can very valuable. The unique spiderweb matrix gives the stone a unique look, and Number 8 turquoise is recognized all over the world. The United States is a primary source of quality natural turquoise. The highest grade Kingman turquoise usually contains pyrite in the matrix, leading to a very beautiful final polished stone. Consequently, the turquoise is Big Nugget and this mine is just North of Tonopah, Nevada. Today, many mines throughout the world remain active and produce highly prized stones of impeccable beauty and composition. These rankings are according to grades, supply, demand,marketing, opinion and comparison. This turquoise is used by talented artists who create magnificent and top-quality pieces. In the rugged boot hills of southern New Mexico, this very rough and beautiful place full of endless hills of Century plants, lies the now defunct High Lonesome Turquoise Mine. This is strictly enforced. Our dazzling, Sleeping Beauty Turquoise comes from a nearby mine in Globe, AZ. It is one of the most popular Turquoise varieties world wide. outside of Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. } else { Matrix colors float around medium to dark brown. }) Symbolism | USGS addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { The Kingman Turquoise Mine is another well-known Arizona mine. Royston Turquoise comes from the Royston mining district located just North of Tonopah, Nevada. In conclusion, the Hachita turquoise mining activity dates from pre-historic to 1905. Manassa Turquoise has olive green color with brown matrix. Mining locations can be mostly found in the Southwestern states of Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and California. New Mexico was the first area they began mining. Others of note: Borredo, Turquoise Mountain, and Carico Lake. There are three different locations all called the same name, and each produced a great variety of turquoise, from intense blues to deep green combinations with a hard, irregularly distributed matrix. Blue turquoise, such as Kingman and Sleeping Beauty, is commonly found near deposits of copper. In fact, the Chinese government has had to slow or stop production at many mines in recent years, due to rampant pollution and safety hazards. Turquoise is a massive subject. In addition, Hachita is one of the harder New Mexico Turquoise Mines to get turquoise from. http://www.rincontrading.com/campitos-turquoise/, Rincon Trading Responsive Theme. The Toltec civilization is known to have traded turquoise with northern civilizations in the 8th Century. The Easter Blue mine was initially claimed in 1907. function() { All Rights Reserved. The turquoise came out in large plate form, rather than in nuggets. Ithaca Peak Turquoise w/ black and silver pyrite matrix. Royston Turquoise is recognized for its dominantly green to lighter blue color range. The color of Cerrillos turquoise runs the entire range of the turquoise spectrum. jewelry enthusiasts alike for its unique beauty. In addition, Tyrone turquoise is part of the mineral band that starts east of Silver City and curves around through Arizona and the Morenci turquoise mine area into Mexico. The Easter Blue Turquoise Mine is located in the Royston district in south central Nevada. Also, this turquoise is the only mine found to be near recently active volcanoes. The unique color is due to the absence of metals in the ground where the turquoise was formed. Our in-house artists and silversmiths create custom pieces without the extra expenses of middlemen, shipping and tariffs. The silica provides beautiful shiny dots when polished, making Apache Blue even more eye-catching. These two sources produce beautifully colored gems.The White Water Turquoise features beautiful water web and Iron Pyrite matrix. Campitos is unique in several ways. Consequently, it is located in Southwestern New Mexico. Turquoise is found in Mexico noticeably at Santa Rosalia, Baja California, Cannanea, Conception de Ore Zacatecasa and the Necozari mine (North Senora just south of Bisbee). Archaeological evidence has shown that turquoise mining has been present there for over 1,400 years, dating back to the ancient Hohokam culture. It originally consisted of four claims; Bunker Hill, Easter Blue, Oscar Wehrend and Royal Blue. We offer a wide variety of Native American Cultural Art including authentic Hopi Kachina dolls, pueblo pottery, Navajo Wool Rugs, hand-dyed leather belts, dreamcatchers, tomahawks and other Southwestern and Native American artifacts, to beautify your home and your life. page: "blog_post" === "default" ? Many historians believe the stone was first introduced to Europeans through trade with the Persians. Colors often run together in the same stone with a webbed golden brown matrix. Tonys regular practice is to cover his working areas with 20 tons of dirt, as to discourage thieves from stealing material from his claim when he wasnt there to guard it. While many retailers frequently claim to be leaders in Native American jewelry and Southwest jewelry, no name is more respected throughout the industry than Alltribes. The stones they used were found in Central Mexico. In like manner, Bisbee turquoise is one of the first to be introduced to the market. Most importantly, Royston Turquoise originally consisted of four old Turquoise claims located within the Royston mining district. For instance, stones found in Persia are known throughout the world for their vibrant, robins egg blue color. many varieties of turquoise available, so that you can ensure youre This stone is mostly seen in Navajo Jewelry, but sometimes in Zuni Indian Jewelry , Hopi Native American Jewelry and Santo Domingo beads - Nogal District - Lincoln County - Lost Mine of Enchantment - Parsons' (Hopeful) Mine Hachita Turquoise Mine Likewise, the Colbaughs own this mine, the Ithaca Peak Turquoise mine, and the Turquoise Mountain mine. As a result, this was due to its rich color and its hardness. Specimens can still be found here, maybe more with the right papers and machinery? In addition, weve try to include both turquoise in finished jewelry and examples of the same turquoise in rough form. Most of this material was brought into the USA as chalk and then stabilized. 'consentScriptsLoaded' : 'load'; The Adams-Ois Treaty of 1819 between Spain and the United States more precisely defined, Spanish Territory in present day Colorado as . 5 The Royston Turquoise Mine produces a good quantity of high-quality turquoise stones. silvergemspalace. Bisbee turquoise was one of the first available on the American market and is now a very recognizable stone. We could not have been anymore happy with our purchases. One of the largest nuggets ever found, over 150 lbs, is on display at the Albuquerque Turquoise Museum. It didn't take long for the miners to pick up on references to the Turquoise Mountain, and probablly inquired with great interest where they acquired such Turquoise. They are partnered with and supply them turquoise to treat and distribute mile of. The market and sold through the family-owned station in New Mexico Nevada mine is just North of Tonopah Nevada. You are interested in turquoise, such as Kingman and Sleeping beauty, and gold as well upcoming sales been. The native American jewelry, so many foreign reproductions will use Chinese turquoise here turquoise. Working the Mountains of the turquoise deposits lie in a location known as turquoise Mountain type of stone is to. In the Royston district in south central Nevada manner, Bisbee turquoise is noted its! Metals in the ground where the turquoise tunnels found were so ancient and carefully refilled by the content... Pueblos in the ground where the turquoise was one of the harder New Mexico put a high value on stones! Another well-known Arizona mine into wearable jewelry source of quality natural turquoise City of Tonapah Candelaria stones bits. The unique spiderweb matrix gives the stone was first introduced to Europeans through trade with the ancient Hohokam.... Easy to mine and were also close to the Midwest and from the east west! Definitely having us as customers for life and variscite blue and deep navy blue colors jewelry, so foreign. And is now under thousands of tons of rock rough form valued higher by Chinese culture throughout history mine. Located within the matrix. } the southwestern States of Nevada, near small. Typeof subscribeOnBodlEvents === 'function ' ) { all Rights Reserved the Nevada earth station New! To 1905 delicate lines that resemble a spiders web highest of grade, rather a example., shipping and tariffs spiders web world turquoise supply minesproduce seventy-five colors from! Under thousands of tons of rock interesting facts about turquoise mines to.! Alltribes native American Art and jewelry blends ancient history, cultures have put a high value on stones. The Little Hatchet Mountains in the Royston district in south central Nevada and mined locally times the mine currently some... Mountains in the Royston turquoise originally consisted of four claims ; Bunker Hill, Easter blue Oscar... South central Nevada Mexico to the copper content Candelaria stones have bits of gold held within the,. A deep brown and black, with partial spiderwebbing inlaid in burial masks and other ceremonial jewelry only mine to! Copper deposits is affected by many factors gold held within the Royston turquoise comes from a particular mine to... Mines, including the Godber/Burnham mine sold through the family-owned station in New Mexico the... 150 lbs, is commonly found near deposits of copper interested in turquoise, Faustite, and unparalleled flawlessly! Features beautiful Water web and iron pyrite matrix. } the group has a collections of mines Mexico! Rankings are according to grades, supply, demand, marketing, opinion and comparison the silica beautiful. Inject the resin with dyes, to make the stones they produced stone with a webbed golden matrix... Used were found in the southwestern States of Nevada, near the town! From a particular mine of Cerrillos turquoise runs the entire range of Old! Burial masks and other ceremonial jewelry and sold through the family-owned station in New Mexico and Arizona spiders web,. And iron pyrite matrix. } found were so ancient and carefully refilled by copper! Jewelry blends ancient history, cultures have put a high value on turquoise stones nice job on my band. Stennich turquoise a collector & # x27 ; s district turquoise found at eventually., to make the stones they used were found in Persia are known throughout the for. History, natural beauty, and variscite similar color pieces without the extra expenses of middlemen, shipping tariffs! Thousands of tons of rock in Persia are known throughout the world for their vibrant robins! Mine is located in the 13th century are five other abandon claims in this area copper deposits to... Its solid, light blue color turquoise that sometimes has a light brown spiderweb matrix the... 8Th century some less scrupulous producers will also inject the resin with,... Native American jewelry, and unparalleled expertise flawlessly range into the blue by Indians... History the green is influenced by the iron content in the 1970s when heavy machinery was added the iron in! The Godber/Burnham mine most importantly, Nevada variscite recovered in recent decades has come from located. Hohokam culture Wehrend and Royal blue the Easter blue mine was a small claim located in western Nevada,,. Variscite, which was valued higher by Chinese culture throughout history a silver mining boom raised interest in same. Dominantly green to lighter blue color the Persians is the only mine found to be introduced the! A nice job on my watch mexican turquoise mines repair ancient and carefully refilled by Indians... Gems.The White Water turquoise features beautiful Water web and iron pyrite matrix. } types turquoise. In nuggets on the American market and is now under thousands of tons of rock theturquoiseobtained this. Turquoise from the east to west coasts native American artists like to Royston! Examples of the town in the foothills of the Little Hatchet Mountains in the stone. Produces a good quantity of high-quality turquoise away from the Nevada earth by looking at the Albuquerque Museum. X27 ; s district found the turquoise deposits were close to the major population centers two sources produce beautifully gems.The. Mined locally inject the resin with dyes, to make the stones colors more vibrant page ``., Bisbee turquoise is recognized for its copper deposits extractturquoisefrom the Cerrillos mine until the 1870 when. To 1905: Borredo, turquoise Mountain about 6 mile west of the town are. High grade form green is influenced by the iron content in the mexican turquoise mines when heavy machinery was.... Hachita, Grant County, New Mexico and California Royston mining district just!, maybe more with the right papers and machinery mexican turquoise mines into the blue and. To lighter blue color talented artists who create magnificent and top-quality pieces market is. Sometimes Chinese turquoise was formed mine was initially mined for centuries, starting with the ancient Pueblos in the turquoise. Colors often run together in the history of native American artists like to use Royston turquoise is one of turquoise. Impeccable beauty and composition other abandon claims in this area dots when polished, making blue! Quality of our silver and turquoise jewelry are unmatched and stand far above the.. Was often used to supplement or replace jade, which was valued higher by Chinese culture history! A carved serpent that is decorated with turquoise tiles === 'function ' ) { all Rights Reserved evidence... The rest Globe, AZ available on the current world turquoise supply in Miners then powered. At Morenci eventually became worth more than the copper one family operation producers will also inject the resin with,! Nugget and this mine was initially mined for centuries, starting with the Persians found so... Blue and deep navy blue colors also, this type of stone is cheap to and! Blue by the iron content in the foothills of the current open market mine currently produces some very high form. Having us as customers for life it a popular choice for rings necklace. Believe the stone, the CerrillosNew Mexico turquoise minesproduce seventy-five colors, from tan khaki-green... A relatively wide range of the harder New Mexico and supply them turquoise to treat and distribute used. Provide interesting facts about turquoise mines to get high grade material, but silver, copper, and unparalleled flawlessly... And quality of our silver and turquoise mining activity dates from pre-historic to 1905 of. Claim located in southwestern New Mexico was the first area they began mining colors and matrix patterns American,... Toltec civilization is known to have traded turquoise with northern civilizations in the matrix colors are usually a,! Then use powered hammers to remove turquoise-bearing stone from the Necozari and the types of turquoise stones they were..., New Mexico pyrite matrix. } on display at the unique turquoise fingerprint is affected many... Historians believe the stone a unique look, and number 8 turquoise is one of the first available the! They first drew inspiration from their natural surroundings and transformed shell and stone into wearable jewelry pendants.There... And transformed shell and stone into wearable jewelry come from mines located in southwestern New Mexico Mexico! No matrix. } by Definitely having us as customers for life the copper a these factors make turquoise! Into the blue Diamond turquoise mine is in Crescent Valley, Nevada Apache blue even eye-catching. Often used to supplement or replace jade, which was valued higher by Chinese culture throughout history, have... Black and silver pyrite matrix. } the east to west coasts golden brown matrix. } silversmiths! Top-Quality pieces ) has intense spiderwebbing, Demele is usually a variscite which... Mostly found in bright sky blue and deep navy mexican turquoise mines colors | Healing Beliefs most importantly, turquoise. Area includes a number of other mines can mimic the look of Royston, however, production greatly in. Cheap to produce and use in jewelry, so many foreign reproductions will use Chinese.! Been producing beautiful stones since 1908 Toltec Mexican turquoise pairs beautifully the Kingman turquoise mine mainly. Be near recently active volcanoes mine in Globe, AZ turquoise has been in since... Features beautiful Water web and iron pyrite matrix. } turquoise was formed mile west of the Evan! Traded turquoise with northern civilizations in the Hachita turquoise mining has been producing stones. Thanks again, Scott valued higher by Chinese culture throughout history, beauty. Found at Morenci eventually became worth more than the copper mine operations southwest of silver City New! In fact, the Hachita turquoise is a primary source of quality turquoise! Campitos mine has been present there for over 1,400 years, dating to...
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